By Victoria Gill Science reporter, BBC Nature

Equine Attractiveness is in the Eye of the Beholder, the Fly

“Sunday is always “Special Interest Day” here at SFTHH and it is customary to publish a feel-good story to help re-charge us for the following week of equine advocacy.  This weekend we shot the gun a little early with publishing Cheyenne Little’s story, yesterday, so today we would like to share with our readers an interesting and rather educational story on our domestic and wild horses’ cousin, the Zebra.  Now I know that I, for one, have always wondered why flies appear to be more prevalent on one horse versus another out in our pastures.  I took it to be a simple matter of perhaps scent and the fact that maybe one’s personal hygiene was better than the next (those guys can burn through the toilet paper) but a team of scientists have come up with another reason and it got me to thinking.  So, sit back and relax as the BBC attempts to enlighten us on the mystery that lies beneath the stripes of Zebra, it might get those brain cells churning, today.” ~ R.T.

Why zebras evolved their characteristic black-and-white stripes has been the subject of decades of debate among scientists.

The team placed the sticky model horses in a fly-infested field ~ photo by G. Horvath

Now researchers from Hungary and Sweden claim to have solved the mystery.

The stripes, they say, came about to keep away blood-sucking flies.

“We started off studying horses with black, brown or white coats,” explained Susanne Akesson from Lund University, a member of the international research team that carried out the study.

“We found that in the black and brown horses, we get horizontally polarised light.” This effect made the dark-coloured horses very attractive to flies.

It means that the light that bounces off the horse’s dark coat – and travels in waves to the eyes of a hungry fly – moves along a horizontal plane, like a snake slithering along with its body flat to the floor.

Dr Akesson and her colleagues found that horseflies, or tabanids, were very attracted by these “flat” waves of light.

“From a white coat, you get unpolarised light [reflected],” she explained. Unpolarised light waves travel along any and every plane, and are much less attractive to flies. As a result, white-coated horses are much less troubled by horseflies than their dark-coloured relatives.

Having discovered the flies’ preference for dark coats, the team then became interested in zebras. They wanted to know what kind of light would bounce off the striped body of a zebra, and how this would affect the biting flies that are a horse’s most irritating enemy.

“We created an experimental set-up where we painted the different patterns onto boards,” Dr Akesson told BBC Nature.

She and her colleagues placed a blackboard, a whiteboard, and several boards with stripes of varying widths into one of the fields of a horse farm in rural Hungary.

“We put insect glue on the boards and counted the number of flies that each one attracted,” she explained.

Coloured images revealed how light was polarised as it bounced off a zebra's coat

The striped board that was the closest match to the actual pattern of a zebra’s coat attracted by far the fewest flies, “even less than the white boards that were reflecting unpolarised light,” Dr Akesson said.

“That was a surprise because, in a striped pattern, you still have these dark areas that are reflecting horizontally polarised light.

“But the narrower (and more zebra-like) the stripes, the less attractive they were to the flies.”

To test horseflies’ reaction to a more realistic 3-D target, the team put four life-size “sticky horse models ” into the field – one brown, one black, one white and one black-and-white striped, like a zebra.

The researchers collected the trapped flies every two days, and found that the zebra-striped horse model attracted the fewest.

Prof Matthew Cobb, an evolutionary biologist from the University of Manchester pointed out that the experiment was “rigorous and fascinating” but did not exclude the other hypotheses about the origin of zebras’ stripes.

“Above all, for this explanation to be true, the authors would have to show that tabanid fly bites are a major selection pressure on zebras, but not on horses and donkeys found elsewhere in the world… none of which are stripy,” he told BBC Nature.

“[They] recognize this in their study, and my hunch is that there is not a single explanation and that many factors are involved in the zebra’s stripes.

They report in the Journal of Experimental Biology that this pattern of narrow stripes makes zebras “unattractive” to the flies.

They key to this effect is in how the striped patterns reflect light.